1.5 REPORTED SPEECH [ EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE ]

1.5 REPORTED SPEECH 

Exclamatory Sentence

            Those sentences, which express our feelings and emotions, are called exclamatory sentences. Mark of exclamation is used at the end of an exclamatory sentence.

 

Example

She said, “What a beautiful flower it is!”

Reported Speech : She exclaimed that it was a beautiful flower.

GENERAL RULE FOR CHANGING REPORTED SPEECH IN EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

v Reporting verb “exclaimed” should use.

v Remove comma and quote marks

v The conjunction “that” should use after the reporting verb

v Omit any expression words like oh, wow, hurrah!, Alas if any…

v Exclamative sentence will be changed into affirmative sentence.

v If the reporting sentence starts with negative word, the negative word “not” should be placed before the conjunction.

v Change the tense form in reported sentence (refer the chart given below table)

v Change the pronoun and adverbial words (refer the chart given below)

 

                                                                  Optative Sentence

            Those sentences, which express hope, prayer, or wish, are called optative sentences. Usually, there is a mark of exclamation at the end of an optative sentence.

 

Example: 1

The old man said, “May you live long!”

Reported Speech : The old man prayed / blessed that I might live long.

Example: 2

She said, “Would that I was rich!”

Reported Speech : She wished that she was rich.

GENERAL RULE FOR CHANGING REPORTED SPEECH IN OPTATIVE SENTENCE

v Reporting verb “prayed / blessed / wished” should use according to the sentence.

v Remove comma and quote marks

v The conjunction “that” should use after the reporting verb

v The reporting sentence will be changed into affirmative sentence.

v Change the tense form in reported sentence (refer the chart given below table)

v Change the pronoun and adverbial words (refer the chart given below)

 CHANGE OF TENSES

 CHANGE OF PRONOUN

 CHANGE OF ADVERB

VIDEO REFERENCE

ENGLISH : https://youtu.be/yfzNChocKaY?feature=shared

TAMIL : https://youtu.be/3FT7lTV_ue0?feature=shared

1.5 REPORTED SPEECH [ IMPERATIVE SENTENCE ]

 

1.5 REPORTED SPEECH
Imperative Sentence 
(Command / Request / Advice)

            An imperative sentence is a type of sentence that gives a command or makes a request. It typically takes the form of a subject-fewer verb, and the tone is often forceful, direct, and commanding. Basically, the subject will be “you” and it is not written in the sentence, but it remains in understood condition. On the other hand, such sentences imply someone to order, to request, or to advise.

Example for (command / order)

Manager said to him, “stop! The work immediately.”
Reported Speech : Manager ordered him to stop the work immediately.

Example for Request

Student said to the teacher, “Sir Please! Explain the sum once again.”
Reported Speech : Student requested the teacher to explain the sum once again.

Example for Advise

Doctor said, “Don’t smoke hereafter!”
Reported Speech : Doctor advised not to smoke thereafter.

 

GENERAL RULE FOR CHANGING REPORTED SPEECH IN IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

v Reporting verb “(ordered / requested / advised)” should use according to the sentence 

    forms.

v Remove comma and quote marks

v the conjunction “to” should use after the reporting verb

v Omit any expression words like please, sir, oh if any…

v After the conjunction the imperative sentence will be followed without any change in    

    their forms.

v If the reporting sentence starts with negative word, the negative word “not” should be 

    placed before the conjunction.
v Change the pronoun and adverbial words (refer the chart given below)

CHANGE ADVERBIAL WORDS

 VIDEO REFERENCE

 ENGLISH : https://youtu.be/7sR8os3uz3E?feature=shared

 TAMIL : https://youtu.be/3FT7lTV_ue0?feature=shared

 

 

 

Concentric Circles

In Geometry, the objects are said to be concentric if they share a common center. Circles, spheres, regular polyhedra, regular polygons are concentric as they share the same center point. In Euclidean Geometry, two circles that are concentric have the same center but always have different radii.

What Are Concentric Circles?

Concentric circles are circles with the same or common center. In other words, if two or more circles have the same center point, they are termed as concentric circles. The following figure shows two concentric circles with the same center O.

Concentric Circle Examples In Real Life

Have you ever observed the wheel of a ship? It has two concentric circles joined by the spokes. Many of us have played darts. A dartboard also has concentric circles. The circles in the dartboard are drawn around a common center, that is, the bull's eye.

Annulus: The Region Between Concentric Circles

The area/region formed between two concentric circles is called an annulus. It is flat-shaped like a ring. The area of the annulus can be calculated by finding the area of the outer circle and the inner circle. We need to find the difference between the areas of both circles to get the result. The shaded part in the following figure shows the annulus.

Observe the following figure. We can find the area of the annulus (the blue region) by subtracting the area of the smaller circle from that of the larger circle. The radius of the small circle is denoted by 'r' and the radius of the large circle is denoted by 'R'. So, in order to find the area of the annulus, we can use the formula: (πR)² - (πr)² = π (R² - r²)

Important Notes

• Concentric circles always have the same center.
• The radius of two concentric circles is equal if both the circles lie on each other.
• The annulus is the region bounded by two concentric circles.

1.5 REPORTED SPEECH [ INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE ]

1.5 REPORTED SPEECH 

[Interrogative Sentence]

            This type of sentence is reported by using “ask” (or another verb like ‘ask’) + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tenses change in normal way. (Refer the image of changes in tenses)

TYPES of QUESTIONs :

¨      Verbal (Yes or No)

¨      WH

 FORMAT OF VERBAL QUESTION (YES or NO)

Aux.verb / Mod.Aux.verb + sub + M.V. + etc. + ?

Eg. : Can you attend the meeting?

Note : Refer the verbs picture 

FORMAT OF WH QUESTION

WH + Aux.verb / Mod.Aux.verb + sub + M.V. + etc. + ?

Eg. : When do they come?

Note : Refer the verbs picture 

Example : 1

Nandhan asked me, “Do you speak English?”

Reported Speech : Nandhan asked me if I spoke English.

Example : 2

Ram asked Kala, “Where are you going?”

Reported Speech : Ram asked me where she was going.

 GENERAL RULE FOR CHANGING REPORTED SPEECH IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

v Reporting verb “asked” should use

v Remove comma and quote marks

v If the question is in verbal, the conjunction “whether / if” should use the reporting verb

v If the question is in WH, the conjunction “WH” should use after the reporting verb

v Change the interrogative sentence into affirmative sentence in reporting sentence.

v Change the tense form in reported sentence (refer the chart given below table)

v Change the pronoun and adverbial words (refer the chart given below)

CHANGE THE TENSES 

CHANGE THE PRONOUN

CHANGE THE ADVERBIAL

VIDEO REFERENCE

ENGLISH : https://youtu.be/GU3zbzlreKk?feature=shared

TAMIL : https://youtu.be/Ys5Qf7CqQVI?feature=shared

Engineering Chemistry- II (Land fill)

  Engineering Chemistry - II 

                                Unit -I 

                         1.3 Solid Waste Management

Topic : Land fill

     Click on this link below    

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVynAR5uOGc