1.5 REPORTED SPEECH [ AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE ]

1.5 Reported Speech
[AFFIRMATIVE]

What is Direct & Indirect Speech?

Direct speech

Reporting the message of the speaker in the exact words as spoken by him.

Example: Maya said ‘I am busy now’.

Indirect speech

Reporting the message of the speaker in our own words 

Example: Maya said that she was busy then.

Kinds of Sentences :

¨      Affirmative

¨      Interrogative

¨      Imperative

¨      Exclamative

Affirmative Sentence
Example : 1
Gokul said, “I played cricket yesterday”.
Reported Speech : Gokul said that he had played cricket the day before.
 
Example : 2
Raju said to Prabhu, “He is writing a poem”.
Reported Speech : Raju told Prabhu that he was writing a poem.
 
GENERAL RULE FOR CHANGING REPORTED SPEECH IN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE
v Reporting said should use
v If the reporting verb is said to, you should use “told” as reporting verb in reporting      speech
v Remove comma and quote marks
v Add “That” after the reporting verb (optional)
v Change the tense form in reported sentence (refer the table 1)
v Change the pronoun and adverbial words (refer the table 2 & 3)
 
Example : 3
Teacher said, “The sun rises in the east”.
Reported Speech : Teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
 
Example : 4
Sam says, “I am playing cricket now”.
Reported Speech : Sam says that he is playing cricket then”.
(or)
Sam says Kamal, “We will attend the function”.
Reported Speech : Sam tells Kamal that they will attend the function.
 
 
Notes for above examples 3 & 4
v In indirect speech, tenses do not change if the words used within the quotes (‘’) talk       of a habitual action or universal truth.
v The tenses of direct speech do not change if the reporting verb is in the future                 tense or present tense. 
v Add “That” after the reporting verb (optional)
v Change the pronoun and adverbial words (refer the table 2 & 3)

TABLE 1

TABLE 2

TABLE 3

VIDEO REFERENCE

IN ENGLISH

https://youtu.be/gvFTbru2Zvg?feature=shared

IN TAMIL 

https://youtu.be/M1atYW-rdx4?feature=shared

வட்டத்தின் சில முக்கியமான பண்புகள்

 

வட்டத்தின் பண்புகள்

வட்டத்தின் சில முக்கியமான பண்புகள் பின்வருமாறு:

• வட்டங்கள் சமமான ஆரங்களைக் கொண்டிருந்தால் அவை ஒத்ததாக இருக்கும்
• ஒரு வட்டத்தின் விட்டம் ஒரு வட்டத்தின் நீளமான நாண் ஆகும்
• ஒரு வட்டத்தின் சம நாண்கள் மையத்தில் சம கோணங்களைக் கொண்டிருக்கும்
• நாண்க்கு செங்குத்தாக வரையப்பட்ட ஆரம் நாண்களை இரண்டாகப் பிரிக்கிறது
• வெவ்வேறு ஆரம் கொண்ட வட்டங்கள் ஒரே மாதிரியானவை
• ஒரு வட்டம் ஒரு செவ்வகம், ட்ரேபீசியம், முக்கோணம், சதுரம், காத்தாடி ஆகியவற்றைச் சுற்றலாம்
• ஒரு சதுரம், முக்கோணம் மற்றும் காத்தாடிக்குள் ஒரு வட்டம் பொறிக்கப்படலாம்
• மையத்தில் இருந்து சம தூரத்தில் இருக்கும் நாண்கள் நீளம் சமமாக இருக்கும்
• வட்டத்தின் மையத்திலிருந்து நீளமான நாண் (விட்டம்) வரையிலான தூரம் பூஜ்ஜியமாகும்
• நாண் நீளம் அதிகரிக்கும் போது வட்டத்தின் மையத்திலிருந்து செங்குத்தாக உள்ள தூரம் குறைகிறது
• விட்டத்தின் முடிவில் தொடுகோடுகள் வரையப்பட்டால், அவை ஒன்றுக்கொன்று இணையாக இருக்கும்
• ஒரு நாண் முனைகளை ஒரு வட்டத்தின் மையத்தில் ஆரங்கள் இணைக்கும்போது ஒரு ஐசோசெல்ஸ் முக்கோணம் உருவாகிறது

வட்ட சூத்திரங்கள்

ஒரு வட்டத்தின் பரப்பளவு, A = πr 2 சதுர அலகுகள்

ஒரு வட்டத்தின் சுற்றளவு = 2πr அலகுகள்

ஒரு வட்ட சூத்திரத்தின் சுற்றளவை πd என்றும் எழுதலாம்.

எங்கே,

விட்டம் = 2 x ஆரம்

d = 2r

இங்கே "r" என்பது ஒரு வட்டத்தின் ஆரத்தைக் குறிக்கிறது.

1.4 CONDITIONAL CLAUSE

 1.4 CONDITIONAL CLAUSE

WHAT IS A CONDITIONAL CLAUSE?         

         A conditional sentence refers to a hypothetical situation and its possible consequence. Conditional sentences always contain a subordinate clause that expresses a condition and a main clause indicating the outcome of this condition

Example: If it rains tomorrow, the match will be canceled.

TYPES OF CONDITIONAL CLAUSE

There are 4 main types of conditional clauses. Refer the below chart.

Mixed conditional

           Mixed conditional sentences use a combination of the second and third conditionals. The first type of mixed conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its ongoing consequence. Sentences that use the first type of mixed conditional contain two clauses:

v A subordinate clause containing a verb in the past perfect tense (as in a third conditional)

v A main clause with a modal verb (usually “would”) and the infinitive form of the main verb (as in a second conditional)

Examples: Type 1 mixed conditional SENTENCE.

v If you had eaten your dinner, you wouldn’t be hungry.

v You would know there was a meeting if you had read the email.

The second type of mixed conditional sentence is used to describe an unreal past condition and its past consequence. It’s formed using:

¨    A subordinate clause with a verb in the past subjunctive form (as in a second           conditional)

¨    A main clause containing a modal verb (usually “would”) along with the auxiliary verb “have” and the past participle of the main verb (as in a third conditional)

Examples: Type 2 mixed conditional sentences.

¨    If you paid attention in school, you would have learned more.

¨    I would have invited you if I knew you were free.

Common mistake: Adding “would” to the “if” clause

            When using conditional sentences, people sometimes add the modal verb “would” to the subordinate clause. While “would” is often used in the main clause of second, third, or mixed conditional sentences, it’s wrong to add “would” to the subordinate clause.

Ø Instead, subordinate clauses in the second conditional always use the past subjunctive form, while subordinate clauses in the third conditional always use the past perfect form.

Examples: Modal verbs and conditionals

Ø If you would drive to work, you would arrive earlier. (wrong)

Ø If you drove to work, you would arrive earlier. (correct)

Ø If he would have asked first, I might have agreed. (wrong)

Ø If he had asked first, I might have agreed. (correct)

few more examples of conditional clause

zero conditional

v If you don’t eat, you become hungry.

v When you melt ice, it turns to water.

v If you get lost, call me.

v If you want to speak to a sales representative, dial “1.”

first conditional

v If Laura sleeps any longer, she will miss the bus.

v If you don’t practice guitar, then you won’t improve.

v I can drive Nick to the airport if he needs a lift.

second conditional

v If I were rich, then I would drive a different car every day.

v If Bill talked less, he could finish more tasks.

v Everyone would be unhappy if the flight were delayed.

Third conditional

v If you hadn’t burned the pie, it would have tasted delicious.

v If Sander had studied more, then he might have gotten a better grade.

v I would have labeled the files more clearly if I had known they were important.

Video reference in English and Tamil

ENGLISH

https://youtu.be/bX7nTzbhOe4?si=66QghYrb0YpqIRup

TAMIL

https://youtu.be/5QudeIqj6ks?si=3RqfaeAnYcPBuxwN

 

  Engineering Chemistry - II 

                                Unit -I 

                         1.1 Air Pollution

     Click on this link below    

https://youtu.be/t7Q7y_xjR5E?si=e0cOs2yhpPHD_4Mb  

1.3 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION

 1.3 SUBORDINATING CONJUCTION

What Is a Subordinating Conjunction?

            A subordinating conjunction is a word used to combine an independent clause and a dependent clause in a sentence. They help in forming complex sentences.

What is the function of subordinating conjunctions?

            The function of subordinating conjunctions is to establish relationships between the dependent clause and the main clause. They indicate time, cause and effect, condition, place, comparison, purpose, concession, and more.

Type of subordinating conjunctions

Common Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions in sentences:

¨    Time: when, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as...etc.,

Example: “I will start studying when I finish my chores.”

¨    Place: where, wherever...etc.,

Example: “I will meet you where we first met.”

¨    Cause and Effect: because, since, so, as, in order that...etc.,

Example: “He stayed up late because he had a lot of work to do.”

¨    Condition: if, unless, provided that, as long as...etc.,

Example: “You can borrow my car if you promise to return it.”

¨    Concession: although, even though, though...etc.,

Example: “Though it was raining, they went for a walk.”

¨    Manner: how, like...etc.,

Example: “He always treats me like a child.”

¨    Comparison: as, than...etc.,

Example: “She is taller than her sister.”

¨    Relative pronouns: who, whom, that...etc.,

Example: “I don’t like people who get angry easily.”

¨    Reason / Purpose: so that, in order that...etc.,

Example: “She saved money so that she could go on vacation.”

Video reference in English and Tamil

ENGLISH

https://youtu.be/vrz4lbaLi_A?si=93VM4DD0Y2oBo5zK

TAMIL

https://youtu.be/78cCUq69mqc?si=ZuNRyAe7JNsMuvVe